Abstract
Economic inequality has long plagued societies, shaping the experiences of individuals and communities alike. In Nigeria, despite abundant natural and human resources, wealth remains concentrated in the hands of a few, while millions struggle to meet basic needs. What are the underlying causes of this persistent disparity, and could philosophical insights offer a framework for addressing it? This study seeks to answer these questions by examining Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s conception of inequality and critically evaluating its potential as a panacea to Nigeria’s economic crisis. Using an analytic method, the analysis reveals that Nigeria’s economic inequality is largely the product of social structures, governance failures, and historical patterns of resource misallocation, rather than natural differences among citizens. Rousseau’s critique highlights how concentrated wealth and power undermine freedom, social cohesion, and moral responsibility, suggesting that sustainable solutions must address both structural and ethical dimensions. The study concludes that Rousseau’s philosophy provides a compelling conceptual framework for understanding and addressing Nigeria’s economic disparities. His ideas underscore the importance of equitable resource distribution, ethical governance, and civic responsibility. Accordingly, the paper recommends policies that promote wealth redistribution, social inclusion, transparent governance, and civic education, arguing that only through such a multidimensional approach can Nigeria move toward economic justice and societal harmony.