Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasitic infections (GIPIs) remain a significant public health challenge in Nigeria, particularly in southeastern states. Despite ongoing control efforts, comprehensive data on spatial distribution and age-specific prevalence across senatorial districts remain limited. This study investigated the spatial and age-specific distribution of GIPIs across the three senatorial districts of Anambra State, Nigeria, to inform targeted intervention strategies. A cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2024 and June 2025 across nine randomly selected Local Government Areas (three per senatorial district). Stool samples from 3,000 residents aged 1–60 years were examined using direct saline wet mount and formol-ether concentration techniques. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed for molecular confirmation of parasite species. Soil (400 samples), water (400 samples), and fruit/vegetable samples (400 samples) were analyzed for environmental contamination. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0, with chi-square tests for categorical variables (p .05). The overall prevalence of GIPIs was 22.17% (232/3,000). Eight parasites were identified: Taenia spp. (6.11%), Strongyloides stercoralis (4.01%), Ascaris lumbricoides (3.92%), Entamoeba histolytica (3.85%), hookworm (2.00%), Trichuris trichiura (1.52%), Giardia lamblia (0.57%), and Entamoeba dispar (0.19%). Age-stratified analysis revealed highest prevalence in children aged 0–10 years (8.12%), declining progressively with age to 1.62% in adults ≥51 years (p < .05). Spatial distribution varied: Anambra North (9.75%), Anambra South (7.83%), and Anambra Central (4.59%) (p > .05). Environmental contamination rates were 23.50% in water (with streams showing 10.25%), 23.00% in soil, and 39.1% in fruits/vegetables (vegetables: 49.1%, fruits: 25.6%). Seasonal variation showed higher prevalence during the rainy season (59.51%) versus dry season (40.49%) (p.05). GIPIs remain endemic in Anambra State with significant age-specific and spatial variations. The high prevalence in children and substantial environmental contamination underscore the need for targeted deworming programs, improved water and sanitation infrastructure, and enhanced health education, particularly in Anambra North and South senatorial districts.