Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in hospital environments poses a serious global public health challenge. This study investigates the molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) present in selected hospital environments, with the aim of identifying the genetic determinants and mechanisms underlying resistance dissemination. Environmental samples—including air, water, and surface swabs—were collected from wards, intensive care units, and laboratory areas. Bacterial isolates were identified using standard microbiological and biochemical techniques, while molecular characterization was performed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing of specific ARGs such as blaTEM, blaCTX-M, mecA, tetA, and sul1. The results revealed a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, notably Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, carrying multiple resistance genes. The detection of plasmid-borne genes indicated the potential for horizontal gene transfer among bacterial species within the hospital ecosystem. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the genetic relatedness of isolates to globally circulating resistant strains. These findings underscore the urgent need for improved infection control measures, rational antibiotic usage, and continuous molecular surveillance to mitigate the spread of resistance genes in healthcare settings.